Definition and Examples of Graphemes

A  grapheme is a  letter of the alphabet, a mark of punctuation, or any other individual symbol in a writing system. The grapheme has been described as the smallest contrastive linguistic unit which may bring about a change of meaning. Matching a grapheme to a phoneme (and vice versa) is called a grapheme-phoneme correspondence. Etymology: From the Greek, writing Examples and Observations Trevor A. HarleyThe basic unit of written language is the letter. The name grapheme is given to the letter or combination of letters that represents a phoneme. For example, the word ghost contains five letters and four graphemes (gh, o, s, and t), representing four phonemes. There is much more variability in the structure of written language than there is in spoken languages. Whereas all spoken languages utilize a basic distinction between consonants and vowels, there is no such common thread to the worlds written languages.Linda C. EhrieTypically, beginners are taught grapheme-phoneme correspondences when they begin school. These associations are easier to learn if students already know the names of letters, because most letter names include relevant sounds, for example /t/ in tee, and k in kay. . . .There are about 40 distinctive phonemes in English, but 70 letters or letter combinations to symbolize phonemes. This makes pronouncing spellings easier than writing correct spellings.D avid CrystalGraphemes are the smallest units in a writing system capable of causing a contrast in meaning. In the English alphabet, the switch from cat to bat introduces a meaning change; therefore, c and b represent different graphemes. It is usual to transcribe graphemes within angle brackets, to show their special status: c, b. The main graphemes of English are the twenty-six units that make up the alphabet. Other graphemes include the various marks of punctuation: ., ;, etc., and such special symbols as , , and ( £). . . .Graphemes . . . may signal whole words or word parts--as with the numerals, where each grapheme 1, 2, etc. is spoken as a word that varies from language to language (a logogram). . . . And several of the relationships between words are conveyed by graphology more clearly than by phonology: for example, the link between sign and signature is very clear in writing, but it is less obvious in speech, because the g is pronounced in the second word, but not in the first.Florian CoulmasSpellings like to, too, two, sea, see, and phrase, frays, multiplied by hundreds of other examples, make for complex grapheme-phoneme correspondences, but the interpretation of written texts does not depend on these correspondences alone. Exploiting other systemic levels of language is equally common and practical. The plural of both dog and cat is uniformly indicated by -s, although it is [dogz] but [kaets]. In the event -s can be understood as indicating the plural morpheme rather than a sound. Accordingly, such spellings are sometimes referred to as morphograms.Cauline B. LoweMany phoneme–grapheme correspondences are conditional. The spelling of a given phoneme depends on the speech sounds that come before or after the target phoneme–grapheme correspondence.  For instance, doubled consonants often  follow short vowels in  closed syllables:  stuff, doll, mess, jazz. This pattern is an orthographic convention; the extra letters do not corr espond to extra sounds. Each of these example words has only one consonant phoneme at the end of the word.

William Baxter’s Anthropocentric Justification Regarding...

XXXXX XXXXXXXX Alex Hallam Philosophy 252: Contemporary Moral Problems 3 December 2012 William Baxter’s Anthropocentric Justification Regarding Regulation of Pollution Introduction: William Baxter addresses the issue of pollution, using a human-oriented method by which all value assigned to flora and fauna is dependent on each entity’s benefits to humans. In this essay I will briefly explain Baxter’s anthropocentric approach, attempt to show the flaws in Baxter’s arguments, examine his possible recourse after revisiting these points, and then conclude by restating my stance regarding the importance of flora and fauna and the immorality of environmental pollution. Pollution is immoral not only because we have a duty to preserve the†¦show more content†¦The idea that an animal or plant which has little or no value has fulfilled its purpose, or rather failed in its purpose for humans, should become extinct is appalling. It is unjustified for the simple fact that the future ramifications for upsetting that necessary balance are unpredictable in our continual evolutionary adaptation. We do not as evolved beings yet have the ability to see into the future, nor to anticipate ramifications that come with the extinction of any one species. Therefore even if fauna and flora exist only for the benefit of humans, an unknown benefit should be reason enough to preserve a particular habitat. If waste is bad and the purpose of an animal or plant is yet to be discovered, how can anyone assign its value or lack-there-of? The rare botanical that may just be the cure to cancer may have perished in the forest felled for that new parking lot in some new district just outside of town. In eliminating the value of a plant or animal and perhaps failing to preserve its existence, we may unintentionally forsake human existence. Baxter seems to put a lot of faith in the intelligence and intentions of men in regard to the variable nature of one man’s preferences over another. Baxter admits that humans are selfish and egotistical by nature. If man’s desire in magnitude is by nature so

Management for Packaging and Marking- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management for Packaging and Marking. Answer: The word appropriate means proper or suitable which fits a circumstance. According to Deepwater Horizon final report, the appropriate decision that BP Texas city would have taken is to follow the existing and progressive guidelines and the practices. They did not have a functional culture of safety which led to such mishap. Appropriate in regards with CQU group assignment means emphasizing the teamworks importance and skills, team building exercises, group formation and clear goals. For PPPMs appropriate means preparation, preservation, packaging and marking. It is related to product and infrastructure development in order to meet the demands of customers (Reddy et al. 2012). In order to execute a project, one needs to know the timeline of the project, the resources needed to complete the project, the total cost, participants selection and other measurable objectives. The progress of the project must be measured through the project waypoints. It is important to keep a sharp eye on the projects progress and execution. It is necessary to adjust in accordance with the projects objectives to meet the requirements. Adoption of these strategies would help an individual to successfully complete his/her projects. Well executed projects are seen as the one which achieves the desired results. It makes sense in investing the time in order to determine what the desired results may look like. It also helps a person to maintain time and punctuality in completing a task before deadline. Project distribution helps in enhancing team work, which in turn, is beneficial for the company. While working in a team it is very important to cooperate and maintain a healthy relationship with all the team members. Team members are basically the workers or employees who work in a same team or group to handle a project jointly. They work together in the same department and the relationship is more professional sort. It is important to communicate with each and every members of a team because they are responsible to accomplish the work targets. Teams are assigned to complete a project based on the subject the workers have in common. They work together plan, develop, design and execute the project assigned to them. It is important to implement all the ideas and opinions of the group members and complete the work. Better relationship within a team helps in achieving the work targets (Kerzner 2013). References Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Reddy, C.M., Arey, J.S., Seewald, J.S., Sylva, S.P., Lemkau, K.L., Nelson, R.K., Carmichael, C.A., McIntyre, C.P., Fenwick, J., Ventura, G.T. and Van Mooy, B.A., 2012. Composition and fate of gas and oil released to the water column during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(50), pp.20229-20234.